© Design for lifetime performance and reliability
Advanced engineering design
Lifetime performance and reliability

This book contains 512 pages in  full color and over 250 illustrations, 300 formulae, 100 case studies and design examples, 50 easy calculators and 50 photographs of machine element failures.
 
About the book
Contents
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Advanced engineering design
Lifetime performance and reliability
is the extended edition of 
 Machine lifetime performance and reliability

Contents Edition 2006 Contents.pdf   Contents.rtf
 About the book:

The first part of this book concerns the fundamentals of "Design for lifetime performance and reliability", including design procedures to estimate and improve machine reliability, failure analysis, fatigue strength, static and dynamic load rating of concentrated contacts, friction phenomena, wear mechanisms, machine lubrication and material selection.

The second part concerns "Design of high performance and high reliability applications", including the design of hydrodynamically lubricated bearings and sliders, dynamic sealing systems, hydrostatic bearings, pressurized air bearings, flexure mechanisms and many other specialty bearings. Although the designer using this book is expected to have a good background in mathematics, the objective is that the design tools illustrated by cases will be useful anyhow.

What's new? New chapters are: Reliability engineering, Fatigue failure - prediction and prevention, Bearings in mechatronic devices, Design of flexure mechanisms.  Furthermore the existing chapters are updated / extended especially the chapter "Design of air bearings". And not to forget, the new extended edition is full color.

Why should I buy this book? Keep up to date with the challenging and innovative techniques in the area of improved machine lifetime performance and reliability. Understand the fundamentals and know how to manage friction, wear and fatigue phenomena.

Read more about "Design for lifetime performance and reliability">> Contents.pdf

The objective of this book is to provide guidelines for engineers helping them to improve machine lifetime performance and reliability. Many books are written about machine design. Most of these are focused on selection and computation of basic machine elements. Those calculations generally relate to the strength and stiffness of machine elements. In practice, it appears that few machine problems are caused by these issues thanks to the attention paid to strength calculation.

Most machine problems occur with the passage of time, from dynamic loading and interacting surfaces in relative motion. Friction and wear of interacting surfaces in relative motion may take on an unacceptable form, resulting in play, frictional heat or jams. In rolling contacts surface fatigue is generally the predominant failure mode. Cyclically loaded machine elements may suddenly result in fatigue fracture after a large number of load cycles. It is estimated that approximately 95% of all machine problems are related to Fatigue fracture and Tribology phenomena as friction and wear. The science focusing on the management of friction, wear and fatigue consequently deserves the necessary attention.

The purpose of this book is to give insight, through case studies and a wide range of illustrations, into how machine performance deteriorates, how machine elements may fail, how to analyze the cause of performance deterioration and failure, and, most importantly, how failures may be prevented and performance can be improved. The possibilities of pushing the boundaries of load-carrying capacity, and motion control are explored. With newly-gained insights the engineer is better equipped to reach innovative solutions to further optimize machine lifetime performance, improve machine reliability and simultaneously to minimize the need of maintenance.

Many design tools, design charts and guide lines are discussed. User-friendly PC calculators of the formulae derived in this book are made available, including calculators for calculating dynamic load capacity, friction, frictional heating and wear of machine elements in relative motion. Using these calculators design engineers will save much time in determining the outcomes of selecting specific design parameters. The formulae used in the calculators are also available in Mathcad files. With these files the designer may in a user-friendly way adapt or extend calculations for specific applications. In fact this book is a goldmine of information for any engineer who intends to improve machine lifetime performance and reliability.
Contents
Contents

Chapter 1:   Reliability engineering
Chapter 2:   Failure modes of machine elements
Chapter 3:   Fatigue failure prediction and prevention
Chapter 4:   Rolling contact phenomena
Chapter 5:   Friction phenomena in mechanical systems
Chapter 6:   Wear mechanisms
Chapter 7:   Material selection a systematic approach
Chapter 8:   Lubricant selection and lubrication management
Chapter 9:   Design of hydrodynamic bearings and sliders
Chapter 10:  Performance and selection of sealing systems
Chapter 11:  Design of hydrostatic bearings
Chapter 12:  Design of aerostatic bearings
Chapter 13:  Bearings in mechatronic devices
Chapter 14:  Design of flexure mechanisms
 
ADVANCED ENGINEERING DESIGN
LIFETIME PERFORMANCE AND RELIABILITY

CONTENTSChapter 1: Reliability engineering... 1
1.1 DESIGN FOR LIFETIME PERFORMANCE AND RELIABILITY 2
1.1.1 Introduction 2
1.1.2 History 5
1.1.3 Trends in mechanical engineering design 7
1.1.4 Innovative solutions 9
1.2 RELIABILITY ENGINEERING 10
1.2.1 Component reliability 10
1.2.2 System reliability 15
1.3 FAILURE ANALYSIS 18
1.3.1 Root Cause Failure analysis 18
1.3.2 Failure analysis techniques and procedure 19

CONTENTSChapter 2: Failure modes of machine elements... 25
2.1 HOW ROLLER BEARINGS FAIL 26
2.1.1 Load patterns and their interpretation 26
2.1.2 ISO failure mode classification 27
2.1.3 Bearing failures 28
2.2 HOW GEARS FAIL 34
2.2.1 ISO failure mode classification 34
2.2.2 Gear failures 34
2.3 HOW CAM FOLLOWER MECHANISMS FAIL 41
2.3.1 Failure mode classification 41
2.3.2 Cam follower failures 42
2.4 HOW RAIL / WHEEL SYSTEMS AND TRACTION DRIVES FAIL 44
2.4.1 Failure mode classification 44
2.4.2 Rail / wheel and traction drive failures 44
2.5 HOW JOURNAL BEARINGS FAIL 47
2.5.1 Failure mode classification 48
2.5.2 Journal bearing failures 48
2.6 HOW TRANSMISSION CHAINS FAIL 50
2.6.1 Failure mode classification 50
2.6.2 Chain drive failures 51
2.7 HOW SCREW JOINTS FAIL 52
2.7.1 Failure mode classification 52
2.7.2 Screw joint failures 53

CONTENTSChapter 3: Fatigue failure prediction and prevention 55
3.1 PREDICTION OF THE FATIGUE STRENGTH 56
3.1.1 Factors influencing the fatigue strength 56
3.1.2 Estimating the fatigue strength and endurance limit 61
3.2 DESIGN FOR RELIABILITY 64
3.2.1 Design of dynamically loaded drive shafts 64
3.2.2 Design of dynamically loaded bolted joints 69
3.2.3 Design of dynamically loaded welded structures 77

CONTENTSChapter 4: Rolling contact phenomena... 85
4.1 STATIC AND DYNAMIC LOAD RATING 86
4.1.1 Nominal point contact 86
4.1.2 Elliptic contact 93
4.1.3 Nominal line contact 95
4.1.4 Contact conformity 97
4.1.5 Geometrical stress concentrations 98
4.1.6 Rolling with traction 99
4.1.7 Permissible contact pressure 101
4.2 ELASTOHYDRODYNAMIC LUBRICATION 103
4.2.1 EHL-line contact 103
4.2.2 EHL-point contact 106
4.3 LOAD RATING OF MACHINE ELEMENTS 109
4.3.1 Static and dynamic load ratings of roller bearings 109
4.3.2 Surface durability of gears 112
4.3.3 Dynamic load rating of traction drive mechanisms 119
4.4 ROLLING RESISTANCE OF BEARINGS AND GUIDING SYSTEMS 123
4.4.1 Deep groove roller bearings 123
4.4.2 Roller guides 126
4.4.3 Angular contact ball bearings 126
4.4.4 Spherical thrust bearing 127

CONTENTSChapter 5: Friction phenomena in mechanical systems... 137
5.1 REAL CONTACT AREA 138
5.1.1 Surface Roughness 138
5.1.2 Ratio of real contact area and nominal contact area 142
5.2 FUNDAMENTALS OF FRICTION 145
5.2.1 Ploughing 145
5.2.2 Adhesion 147
5.3 CLASSICAL FRICTION LAWS 152
5.3.1 Effect of the nominal contact area 152
5.3.2 Effect of the normal load 152
5.3.3 Effect of sliding velocity 153
5.3.4 Effect of temperature 153
5.3.5 Effect of surface roughness 153
5.4 FRICTIONAL HEATING AND THERMAL FAILURE 154
5.4.1 Nominal contact temperature 155
5.4.2 Flash temperature 163
5.5 FRICTION PHENOMENA IN MECHANICAL SYSTEMS 165
5.5.1 Stick-slip in linear actuators 165
5.5.2 Side-slip to reduce effective friction 166
5.5.3 Jamming of linear guides 167
5.5.4 Variable transmission belt drives 168
5.5.5 Metric thread, fasteners 171
5.5.6 Power screws 175
5.5.7 Interference fits 177
5.6 MEASURING FRICTION 180
5.6.1 Manually 180
5.6.2 Motorised 182

CONTENTSChapter 6: Wear mechanisms 187
6.1 TWO-BODY WEAR MECHANISMS 188
6.1.1 Adhesive wear 189
6.1.2 Abrasive wear 189
6.1.3 Corrosive wear 191
6.1.4 Surface fatigue 194
6.2 SINGLE-BODY WEAR MECHANISMS 195
6.2.1 Gas erosion 195
6.2.2 Liquid impingement erosion 195
6.2.3 Cavitation erosion 195
6.2.4 Particle erosion 195
6.3 CONTACT CONDITIONS 196
6.3.1 Contact conformity 196
6.3.2 Stationary contact 196
6.3.3 Degree of overlap 197
6.3.4 Contact temperature 197
6.4 WEAR RATE 198
6.4.1 Running-in 198
6.4.2 Calculation of wear rate 199
6.4.3 Classification of the specific wear rate 200
6.5 SELECTING OR CONSTRUCTING TEST APPARATUS 207
6.5.1 Pin-on-disc / Pin-on-ring 208
6.5.2 Pin-on-flat / ball-on-flat 209
6.5.3 Two disk 209
6.6 STANDARDS FOR MEASURING FRICTION AND WEAR 210
6.6.1 Specimen preparation 210
6.6.2 Experiment 211
6.6.3 Reporting 211
6.6.4 Reproducibility 211

CONTENTSChapter 7: Material selection a systematic approach 215
7.1 MATERIALS IN SLIDING BEARINGS 216
7.1.1 Selection criteria for metals 216
7.1.2 Selection criteria for polymers 219
7.1.3 Selection criteria for technical ceramics 239
7.2 COATINGS AND SURFACE TREATMENTS 242
7.2.1 Where surface treatments are applied 242
7.2.2 Classification of surface treatments 243
7.2.3 Surface treatment techniques 244
7.3 MATERIAL SELECTION: A SYSTEMATIC APPROACH 251
7.3.1 System identification 251
7.3.2 Definition of material selection criteria 251
7.3.3 Pre-selection of materials 251
7.3.4 Experimental setup 252
7.3.5 Selection of the best candidate(s) 252

CONTENTSChapter 8: Lubricant selection and lubrication management 259
8.1 LUBRICATION REGIMES 260
8.1.1 Stribeck curve 261
8.1.2 Transition diagram 263
8.2 LUBRICANTS 264
8.2.1 Physical properties 264
8.2.2 Additives 270
8.2.3 Oil supplements 272
8.2.4 Trends in engine and industrial lubrication 274
8.3 TYPES OF LUBRICANTS AND LUBRICANT SELECTION 275
8.3.1 Base oils 275
8.3.2 Biolubricants 276
8.3.3 Food grade lubricants 278
8.3.4 Lubricants for thermoplastics, thermosets and elastomers 278
8.3.5 Greases 279
8.3.6 Solid lubricants 282
8.3.7 Lubricant selections for specific applications 285
8.4 LUBRICATION MANAGEMENT 287
8.4.1 Grease versus oil lubrication 287
8.4.2 Oil lubrication systems 287
8.4.3 Engine lubrication system 288
8.5 PROACTIVE MAINTENANCE AND OIL ANALYSIS 289
8.5.1 Maintenance engineering 289
8.5.2 Proactive maintenance 290
8.5.3 Causes of lubricant deterioration and their prevention 291
8.5.4 Chemical and physical oil analysis 292
8.5.5 Wear particle analysis 293

CONTENTSChapter 9: Design of hydrodynamic bearings and sliders 299
9.1 HYDRODYNAMIC LUBRICATION 300
9.1.1 Reynolds equation 301
9.1.2 Effective surface velocity 305
9.1.3 Film thickness in journal bearings and concentrated contacts 307
9.1.4 Viscous shear 308
9.2 SLIDER BEARINGS 310
9.2.1 Converging wedge 310
9.2.2 Michell bearing 312
9.2.3 Rayleigh step bearing 315
9.2.4 Tapered land pad 318
9.2.5 Curved pad 320
9.3 PLAIN JOURNAL BEARINGS 321
9.3.1 Bearing performance and design 321
9.3.2 Design optimization load film thickness versus bearing clearance 329
9.3.3 Design optimization friction versus film thickness 331
9.4 SQUEEZE FILM DAMPING AND DYNAMIC RESPONSE 332
9.4.1 Band on flat 332
9.4.2 Circular disk on flat 334
9.4.3 Circular ring on flat 335
9.4.4 Cylinder on flat 335
9.4.5 Squeeze film dampers 336
9.4.6 Shock loaded journal bearings 338
9.4.7 Dynamically loaded slider bearings 340
9.4.8 Piston ring/liner film development 342
9.4.9 Dynamically loaded journal bearings 343

CONTENTSChapter 10: Performance and selection of sealing systems 355
10.1 SEALING SYSTEMS 356
10.1.1 Classification 356
10.1.2 Operating limits 356
10.2 ROTARY SEALS 357
10.2.1 Lip seals, V-rings and O-rings 357
10.2.2 Mechanical face seals 359
10.2.3 Seal face patterns 363
10.2.4 Gap seals 364
10.2.5 Labyrinth seals 365
10.2.6 Magnetic fluid seals 366
10.2.7 Air barrier seals 367
10.2.8 Multi stage sealing systems 367
10.3 RECIPROCATING SEALS 368
10.3.1 Reciprocating lip-seals in hydraulics 368
10.3.2 Reciprocating lip-seals in pneumatics 370
10.3.4 O-rings in reciprocating applications 372
10.3.5 Piston ring-seals in engines 375

CONTENTSChapter 11: Design of hydrostatic bearings 379
11.1 BASIC METHODS OF OPERATION 380
11.2.1 Methods to obtain bearing stiffness 381
11.2.2 Advantages and limitations of pressurised fluid bearings 382
11.2 DESIGN OF HYDROSTATIC BEARINGS 383
11.2.1 Basic construction elements 383
11.2.2 Hydrostatic thrust bearings with shallow pocket 388
11.2.3 Hydrostatic thrust bearings with tapered film 389
11.2.4 Hydrostatic thrust bearings with capillary restrictor 389
11.2.5 Hydrostatic thrust bearings with orifice restrictor 394
11.2.6 Hydrostatic preloaded thrust bearings 397
11.2.7 Hydrostatic journal bearings with external restrictors 399
11.2.8 Hydrostatic journal bearings with shallow pockets 403

CONTENTSChapter 12: Design of aerostatic bearings 411
12.1 BASIC METHODS OF OPERATION 412
12.1.1 Methods to obtain bearing stiffness 413
12.1.2 Advantages and limitations of pressurised gas bearings 415
12.2 DESIGN OF AEROSTATIC BEARINGS 416
12.2.1 Basic construction elements 416
12.2.2 Aerostatic thrust bearings with shallow pocket 419
12.2.2 Aerostatic thrust bearings with partially grooved surface 420
12.2.3 Aerostatic thrust bearings with tapered-film 422
12.2.4 Aerostatic thrust bearings with orifice restrictor 422
12.2.5 Aerostatic thrust bearings with porous restrictor 423
12.2.6 Aerostatic journal bearings with porous ring restrictor 425
12.2.7 Aerostatic journal bearings with two porous ring restrictors 427
12.2.8 Partially grooved e.p. journal bearings 428
12.2.9 Design of a pneumatic cylinder with floating piston 430
12.2.10 Design of a high performance linear motion axis 431

CONTENTSChapter 13: Bearings in Mechatronic devices 437
13.1 WHICH BEARING AND WHY? 438
13.1.1 Bearing types 438
13.1.2 Selection factors 438
13.2 PLAIN JOURNAL BEARINGS 439
13.2.1 Plastic bearings 439
13.2.2 Porous metal bearings 439
13.3 JEWEL BEARINGS 441
13.3.1 Pivot bearing systems 441
13.3.2 Ringstone and endstone bearing systems 443
13.3.3 Knive edge bearings 444 13.4 HIGH PRECISION ROLLING BEARINGS 445
13.4.1 Running accuracy 445
13.4.2 Critical speed 446
13.5 SPIRAL GROOVE BEARINGS 447
13.5.1 Spiral groove thrust bearings 448
13.5.2 Spiral groove journal bearings 455
13.6 MAGNETIC FLUID BEARINGS 457
13.6.1 Magnetic fluid bearing basics 457
13.6.2 Why magnetic fluid bearings? 458
13.7 MAGNETIC BEARINGS 458
13.7.1 Magnetic bearing basics 458
13.7.2 Why magnetic bearings? 459
13.8 FOIL AIR BEARINGS 460
13.8.1 Foil bearing basics 460
13.8.2 Why foil air bearings? 461
13.9 HYBRID BEARINGS IN HIGH SPEED ROTARY APPLICATIONS 461
13.9.1 Hybrid Foil-Magnetic bearings 461
13.9.2 Hybrid Magnetic-Spiral Groove bearings 462
13.9.3 Hybrid Externally Pressurized Spiral Groove air Bearings 462

CONTENTSChapter 14: Design of flexure mechanisms 465
14.1 BASIC DESIGN PRINCIPLES AND COMPONENTS 466
14.1.1 Design considerations 466
14.1.2 Basic construction elements 470
14.1.3 Dynamic load excitation response 472
14.1.4 Design of hole hinges 477
14.1.5 Micro actuators 479
14.2 DIVERSE APPLICATIONS 480
14.2.1 Flexure cross hinge 480
14.2.2 Piezo parallel guiding with integrated motion amplifier 481
14.2.3 Piezo nano precision XY-parallel mechanism 482
14.2.4 Flexible shaft couplings 483
14.2.5 Monolithic flexure plain bearing 483
 
Index
 A

Abrasive wear 29, 189
Additives 270
Adhesion 147
Adhesive joint 352
Adhesive wear 30, 189
Aerostatic bearings 411
Aerostatic instability 412
Aftermarket additives 272
Air barrier seals 367
Allowable stress number 112
Aluminium alloys 469
Aluminium-soap greases 280
Amontons-Coulomb law 5
Amorphous polymers 220
Angular contact ball bearings 126
Annular orifices 413
Anti-foam additives 272
Anti-friction coatings 284
Anti-oxidant 271
Anti-wear additives 270
Aquaplaning 260, 345
Archard's equation 199
Assembly clearance 224, 225
Attitude angle 321
Austenitic stainless steels 192
Avarage bearing pressure 226

B

Babbitts 218
Backup bearings 458, 459
Balance ratio 361
Ball-on-flat 209
Barus 269
Basic rating life 111
Bath lubrication 287
Bathtub failure 11
Bearing number 323
Bearing selection 438
Bearing stiffness 321
Beauchamp Tower 5, 301
Belt drives 168
Bending stiffness 471
Bernoulli 416
Bernoulli equation 384
Bingham-type 280
Biolubricants 276
Bleeding 281
Blok 328
Bolt failure 69
Bolt joint 172
Bolted assemblies 70
Bolzmann integrals 224
Boriding 245
Boron Nitride 283
Boundary Lubrication 260
Boundary lubrication additives 270
Brinell hardness 91
Brinelling 193
brittle materials 101
Bronzes 218
Buckling 476
Burnishing 141

C

Calcium-soap greases 280
Camshaft 42
Camshaft mechanism 345
Cantilever beams 474
Capillary restrictor 384, 416
Carburising 245
Case crushing 39
Cavitation 321
Cavitation erosion 195
CD-ROM drive 212
Ceramic ball bearings 241
Chain drive failures 51
channelling 281
Chemical and physical oil analysis 292
Chemical Vapour Deposition 247
Circulation lubrication 287
Cladding 247
Classic friction laws 152
Cleanliness 295
Closed pocket textures 376
Closed system 197
Cloud Point 265
Coatings 242
Cold welding 189
Cold-welding 188
compatibility 149, 369
Complex soap greases 279
Compliant mechanisms 466
Component reliability 10
Compounded oils 276
Compressibility 270, 305
Compression ring 375
Concentrated contacts 86
Condition monitoring 290
Cone-on-plate viscometer 296
Coning 360
Consistency 281
Contact angle 126
Contact conditions 196
Contact conformity 97, 196
Contact mechanics 85
Contact temperature 197
Corrosion inhibitors 271
Corrosive wear 191
Couette film thickness 310
Couette flow 303
Couette flow film thickness 304
Coulombs friction laws 5
Couplings 483
Crack formation 193, 194
Creep response 222
Critical shear stress 101
Critical speed 446, 462
Cross spring hinge 468
Crystallinity 220
Cumulative damage 78
Current leakage 32
Curved pad 320
Cylinder liner 375
Cylinder Viscometer 266

D

Damage analysis 19
Damping 333, 334
Data sheet 211
Deflection curve 470
Degree of overlap 197
Delamination 194
Demulsifiers 272
Design for Environment 9
Design For Reliability (DFA) 64
Detergents 271
Deterministic approach 14
Diamond Like Carbon coatings 248
Differential particle counting 295
Disk brake 183, 212
Dispersancy 292
Dispersants 271
Distortional energy criterion 101
Dropping point 281
Dynamic load excitation response 472
Dynamic load rating 110
Dynamic seals 355
Dynamic viscosity 266
d'Arcy law 416

E

E.P. bearings 379
E.P. gas bearings 411
Eccentricity locus 321
Eccentricity ratio 307
Effective contact radius 97
Effective friction coefficient 168
Effective heat conduction length 160
Effective heat diffusion length 158
Effective modulus of elasticity 86
Effective radius 87
Effective surface velocity 305
EHL-line contact 103
EHL-point contact 106
Elastic recovery 148
Elastic shakedown 101
Elasto Hydrodynamic Lubrication 260
Electro-thermal actuators 479
Electroless nickel 246
Elliptic contact 93
Endurance limit 59, 61
Engine friction losses 273
Engine lubrication system 288
Engine oils 265
Engineering ceramics 239
Engineering design 9
Engineering plastics 233
Environmental design 9
Environmental Standards 276
EP-additives 271
EPDM 369
Euler definition 305
Excessive voltage 31
External load 70, 174

F

Fading 154
Failure analysis 19, 25
Failure Analysis (FA) 18
Failure distribution functions 11
Failure Mode Effect Analysis (FMEA) 16
false Brinelling 31, 193
Fastener assembly methods 73
Fatigue 3
Fatigue breakage 40
Fatigue corrosion 59
Fatigue crack development 56
Fatigue failure 28
Fatigue life 102
Fatigue strength 61, 102
Fatigue stress concentration factor Kf 58
Fatty oils 276
Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) 16
Feedability 281
Ferrofluids 457
Fillet radius 66
Film thickness in journal bearings 307
Finishing techniques 141
Fire point 292
Fissures and cracks 39
Flake pitting 39
Flaking 188
Flash point 292
Flash temperature 163
Flexure hinges 466
Flexure mechanisms 465
Floating seal 373
Flow-restrictor 380
Fluorcarbon Rubber 369
Foil bearings 460
Food and Drug Administration 278
Food grade lubricants 278
Forced circulation lubrication 288
Fracture 33
Fretting corrosion 31, 178, 192
Fretting wear 193
Friction coefficients 176, 216, 219
Friction coefficients - polymers 236
Friction laws 152
Friction modifiers 270
Frictional heating 154
Fuel economy benefit 268

G

Galling 188, 189
Galvanic coatings 246
Gap seals 364
Gas bearings 411
Gas erosion 195
Gas seals 363
Gear design 116
Gear oils 285
Fears 112
General purpose oils 285
General purpose plastics 233
Generalised Kelvin model 224
Generalized Maxwell model 224
Geom stress concentration factor Kt 57
Glass transition temperature 220
Graphite 283
Grease adjacency 281
Grease characteristics 280
Grease lubrication 287
Greases 279
Grey staining 38
Grinding 188
Guide elements 368

H

Haigh diagram 63
Half-omega whirl 322
Hard anodising 246
Hard chromium 246
Hard disks 212
Hard wearing 200
Hard-facing 246
Hardness conversion 93
Hardness scales and conversion 91
Hazard rate 11
Heathcote slip: 123
Herringbone pattern 453
Herschel-Bulkley model 280
Hertzian contact stresses 89
Hertzian contacts 86
High cycle fatigue HCF 59
High performance plastics 233
High pressure seals 367
High pressure viscosity 269
High shear viscosity 267
Hole hinges 467
Honing 141
HP/HVOF 246
Hybrid ball bearing 130
Hybrid bearing systems 461
Hybrid bearings 382
Hydraulic fluids 286
Hydraulic oils 285
Hydropad seals 363
Hydrostatic bearings 379
Hysteresis 124, 466

I

Impedance method 340
Impulse 335
Impulse force 333
Impulse method 340
Indents from debris 32
Induction hardening 244
Industrial lubrication 274
Infant mortality 11
Infinite fatigue life design 59
Inherent orifices 413
Inherent reliability 11
Initial pitting 38
Interference fits 177

J

Jamming 167
Jewel bearings 441
Joint stiffness factor 72
Journal bearings 321

K

Kelvin model 222
Key ways 67
Kingsbury 312
Kolsterising 245

L

Labyrinth gas seals 365
Labyrinth seals 365-367
Lame's equation 177
Lapping 141
Laser texturing 375
Lead babbitts 218
Leave springs 466
Leonardo Da Vinci 5
Life expectancy 13
Limiting shear stress 121
Limiting speed 446
line contact 95
Liquid impingement erosion 195
Lithium-soap greases 279
Load patterns 26
Locus 321
Lord Rayleigh 315
Low cycle fatigue LCF 59
Lubricant deterioration 291
Lubricant life additives 271
Lubricant selection 264, 275
Lubricant selections 285
Lubricant viscosity 264
Lubricants for thermoplastics 278
Lubrication management 287
Lubrication transitions 262
Lubricity 270

 
M

Machine monitoring 290
Magnetic bearings 458
Magnetic fluid bearings 457
Magnetic fluid seals 366
Magnetic fluids 366
Magnets 366
Maintenance engineering 289
Martensitic stainless steel 192
Material selection 215
Maximum Hertzian contact load 89
Maximum normal stress criterion 101
Maximum tightening torque 172
Maxwell model 223
Measuring friction 180
Mechanical face seals 359
Melting temperature 221
Metal Matrix Composites (MMCs) 218
Metallurgical compatibility 148
Michell bearing 312
Micro actuators 479
Micro elastohydrodynamic lubrication 376
Micro pitting 38
Micro plasto hydrodynamic lubrication 376
Micro slip 123
Micro welding 154
Micro-EHL 261
Micro-peening 247
Mineral oils 275
Miner's rule 78
Mixed Lubrication 261
Mobility method 340
Moisture corrosion 30
Molybdenum Disulfide, MoS2 283
Moments of inertia 474, 475
Monolithic flexure hinges 480
Mutual solubility 148

N

Naphthenic oils 275
Newtonian fluids 266
Nitriding 245
Nitrocarburising 245
Nitrotec process 245
NLGI consistency number 281
NLGI number 281
Nominal contact area 138
Nominal contact temperature 155
Non-Newtonian models 280
Non-repeatable runout 214
Non-stationary contact 197
Normal distribution 13
Normal failure distribution 13
Normalised impulse force 335
Notched flexure hinges 468
Nut 176

O

O-rings 359, 372
Ocvirck bearing 326
Oil analysis 290
Oil control ring 375
Oil lubrication 287
Oil lubrication systems 287
Oil monitoring 290
Oil supplements 272
Open system 197
Operating clearance 225
Operational reliability 11
Organo-clay thickener 280
Orifice restrictor 384
Orifices 416
Osborne Reynolds 5, 301
Overload breakage 40
Oxidation 291, 293
Oxidative wear 188
Oxide layer 150
Oxidised abrasive 192

P

Pack-aluminising 245
Pack-chromizing 245
Palmgren-Miner 6
Palmgren-Miner rule 78
Paraffinic oils 275
Partial grooved surface 420
Partial porous surface 414
Particle counter device 295
Particle erosion 195
Peclet Number 158
Periodical maintenance 290
Permeability 430
Petroleum 275
Phosphate esters 275
Physical Vapour Deposition 247
Piezoelectric actuators 479
Pin-on-disk 208
Pin-on-flat 209
Pin-on-ring 208
Piston rings 342, 375
Piston seals 368
Piston-cylinder lubrication 289
pitch point 114
Pitting 188
Pivot bearing systems 441
Plasma CVD 247
Plastic - plastic combinations 235
Plastic bearings 439
Plasticity index 142
Plate-shaped particles 194
Ploughing 145, 188
Pneumatic cylinder 430
Pneumatic hammer 412
Point contact 86
Poisseuille flow 303
Polishing wear 188
Polyalkylene glycols 276
Polyalphaolefins 275
Polyisobutylenes 275
Polyurea grease 280
Porosity 430
Porous metal bearings 439
Porous surface 414, 416
Pour point 265
Power screws 171, 175
Predictive Maintenance Management 289
preload a bolt 71, 173
Pressure feed lubrication 288
Pressure sealing 367
Pressure spikes and micro pitting 144
Pressure-viscosity dependency 269
Pressurised fluid bearings 382
Probabilistic approach 14
Probability Density Chart 10
Probability of failure 10
Progressive pitting 38
Prototype testing 207
PTFE 234, 284
Pumpability 281
PV-value 232

R

R&O additives 271
Rail-wheel contact 349
Ratcheting 102
Rayleigh step 315
Real contact area 138
Reference speed 446
Reliability 11
Reliability Engineering 10
Reliability factor 111
Relieve cut 66
Repeatability 211
Reporting 211
Reproducibility 211
Retaining rings 66
Reynolds boundary condition 325
Reynolds Equation 304
Reynolds slip 123
Rheological properties 280
Ringstone jewel bearings 443
Risk Priority Number 17
Rockwell hardness 92
Rod seals 368
Roelands 269
Roller guides 126
Rolling guide 131
Rolling resistance 123
Root Cause Analysis (RCA) 18
Root Cause Failure Analysis 18
Rotary lip seal 357
Roughness 138
Running accuracy 445
Running-in 198, 262

S

S-N Diagram 59
SAE Viscosity Grades 265
Sassenfeld and Walther 301, 328
Scoring 188
Scratching 36, 188
Screw efficiency 176
Screw joint failures 53
Screw spindle 176
Scuffing 188, 189
Sealing systems 356
Sealing washers 365
Seizure 188, 189
Self-locking 175
Self-lubricating composites 285
Self-lubricating plastics 234
Semi-crystalline plastics 220
Service temperature 220
Shakedown 101
Shallow pocket 419
Shallow pocket bearing 388
Shear stress criterion 101
Shore hardness 92
Shot-peening 247
Shotpeening 194
Side-slip 166
Single body wear 188, 195
Sintered metal bearings 439
Sintered metals 218
Slip equation 168
Slot feeding 413
Slumpability 281
Smearing 188
Smith diagram 63
Solid lubricants 282
Solidification 270
Solidification pressure 121
Sommerfeld 301
Sommerfeld boundary condition 324
Spalling 39, 188, 194
Specific wear rate 199
Specimen preparation 210
Spherical thrust bearing 127
Spiral groove bearings 447
Splash lubrication 287
Spring balance 180
Spring materials 469
Squeeze film dampers 336
Stability 455
Stainless steels 192
Standard deviation 13
Standard Solid model 224
Standardised tests 207
Starved lubrication 342
Static load rating 90, 109
Stationary contact 196
Stationary heat flow 156
Stepped shafts 65
Stick- and slip zone 123
Stick-slip 165, 235
strain recovery 223
Strain response 222
Stress corrosion 59
Stress relaxation 223
Stress response 222
Stress-relaxation 223
Stribeck-curve 261
Subsurface fatigue 28
Subsurface initiated cracks 37, 45
Sulphurizing 245
Super-finishing 141
Surface durability 112, 116
Surface energy 148
Surface Fatigue 194
Surface hardening 244
Surface roughness 138
Surface texturing 375
Surface topography 376
Surface treatments 242
Surface-initiated fatigue 29
Synthetic esters 275
Synthetic oils 275
System reliability 15

T

Tapered land pad 318
Technical ceramics 239
Test apparatus 208
Thermal micro actuators 479
Thermo-chemical wear 188
Thermoplastics 219
Thermosets 238
Thin-film approach 303
Thread lubricants 172
Thread shear 174
Three-body wear 188
Thrust washer 209
Tightening torque 171
Tilted plane 181
Tire width 184
Tooth bending strength 112, 118
Tooth breakage 40
Tooth end breakage 41
Torsional stress 76, 173
Total Acid Number (TAN) 293
Touchdown bearings 458
Tower 5
Traction drive mechanisms 120
Transient heat flow 157
Transition diagram 263
Transmission torque 177
Trend monitoring 290
Trends in machine design 7
Tresca's failure criterion 89, 101
Tribology 3
Tribometer 208
Tube expansion 349
Turbine oil 286
Two disk tribometer 209
Two roller tribometer 209
Two-body wear 188

U

US Department of Agriculture 278

V

V-block bearings 444
V-pivot jewel bearing 443
V-ring seals 359
Variable amplitude loading 78
Vegetable oils 275
Vibrating rotor 322, 325
Vickers hardness 92
Visco seals 448
Visco-elastic behaviour 222
Viscosity classification 265
Viscosity dimensions 266
Viscosity Index 268
Viscosity index improvers 270
Viscosity of gases 415
Viscosity-pressure coefficient 108
Viscous seal 366
Viscous shear 308
Von Mises equivalent stress 474

W

Water 277
Wave seals 358
Wear coefficient 199
Wear measurement 211
wear mechanisms 188
Wear mechanisms terminology 188
Wear particle analysis 293
Wear rate 198
Wedge effect 304
Weibull failure distribution 12
Welded structures 77
Whirl instability 322
Whirl modes 462
Windscreen wiper 377
Wipers 368
Wire springs 466
Wöhler 6
Wohler diagram 59
Work-hardening factor 116
Worm-gear oils 285
Wrap angle 169

XYZ

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